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USB Power Delivery Specification — Table of Contents

Markdown transcription of USB_PD_R3.2_V1.2_2026_05_20.pdf (Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification, Release 3.2, Version 1.2, May 20 2026).

The specification was split into the per-chapter PDFs in this folder; each has a matching .md transcription and, where the chapter contains figures, a folder of extracted PNGs. Page numbers below are the printed document pages — which in this PDF are identical to the position in the file (no front-matter offset) — and are mirrored in the transcriptions as <!-- page N --> markers.

Chapters

# Chapter Pages Source PDF Figures
1 Introduction 2125 pdf 1
2 Glossary and Info 2636 pdf
3 Port Power Requirements 3747 pdf 4
4 Power Delivery Electrical Requirements 4884 pdf 25
5 PD Communications Physical Layer 85111 pdf 25
6 PD Communications Protocol Message Definitions 112193 pdf 9
7 PD Communications Protocol Message Usage 194240 pdf 3
8 Vendor Defined Message Usage and Alternate Modes 241253 pdf 5
9 State Machine Diagrams 254391 pdf 102
10 Fast Role Swap (FRS) 392399 pdf 4
A Revision History 400404 pdf
B Contributors 405416 pdf

Total: 178 extracted figures across chapters 110.

Chapters 6, 7 and 9 are very large (82, 47 and 138 printed pages) and were transcribed and audited in ~8-page chunks that were concatenated afterwards; the section tree below is capped at 23 levels of numbering for these three chapters so the TOC stays usable — the files themselves go deeper (chapter 9 nests to 9.2.26.4.3 and beyond for individual state diagrams).

## Sections

Figure index

178 figures total. Extracted with tools/extract-figures.py --caption-position above (this spec places the caption ABOVE each figure, unlike the Renesas template the tool was originally written for — see tool notes below). Figure 7.3 has no detectable ink band because an explanatory sentence sits directly under its caption before the diagram starts; it was cropped with an explicit --region.

# Title Image In section
1.1 USB PD Capable Device High Level Architecture png 1.7. USB-PD Architectural Overview
3.1 SPR Required Source Power Rule Illustration for Fixed PDOs png 3.2.4. Source Voltage and Current Requirements
3.2 EPR Source Power Rule Illustration for Fixed PDOs png 3.2.5.3. Extended Power Range (EPR)
3.3 Valid EPR AVS Operating Region png 3.2.5.3. Extended Power Range (EPR)
3.4 Example of a DPS temperature profile png 3.3. Dynamic Power Supply (DPS)
4.1 Placement of Source Bulk Capacitance png 4.1.2. Source Bulk Capacitance
4.2 Application of vNew and vValid limits after tSrcReady or tSrcTransSmall or tSrcTransLarge png 4.1.2.1.1. Voltage Regulation
4.3 Transition Envelope for Positive Voltage Transitions png 4.1.3.1. Fixed Voltage Transitions
4.4 Transition Envelope for Negative Voltage Transitions png 4.1.3.1. Fixed Voltage Transitions
4.5 PPS/AVS Voltage Transitions png 4.1.3.2.1. Voltage Transitions
4.6 PPS Programmable Voltage and Current Limit png 4.1.3.2.2. PPS Operation in Current Limit (CL) Mode
4.7 PPS Constant Power png 4.1.3.2.3. PPS Operation in Constant Power
4.8 Expected PPS Ripple Relative to an LSB png 4.1.3.2.5. Source AVS/PPS Ripple
4.9 Allowed DNL Errors and Tolerance of Voltage and Current in AVS/PPS Mode png 4.1.3.2.6. Source DNL Tolerance
4.10 Source Peak Current Overload png 4.1.6. Source Peak Current Operation
4.11 Holdup Time Measurement png 4.1.7.3. Holdup Time Field
4.12 Placement of Sink Bulk Capacitance png 4.2.2. Sink Bulk Capacitance
4.13 Transition Diagram for a Power Role Swap png 4.3.3. Power Role Swap Sequence
4.14 Source VBUS and VCONN Response to Hard Reset png 4.4. Response to Hard Resets
4.15 Transition diagram for a Hard Reset png 4.4.1. Hard Reset Sequence
4.16 Transition Diagram for Large-step voltage increase (Fixed or AVS > vSmallStep) png 4.5.1.1. Large-step voltage increases (Fixed or AVS)
4.17 Transition Diagram for Small-step voltage increase (AVS ≤ vSmallStep), current unchanged or increased png 4.5.1.2. Small-step voltage increases (AVS)
4.18 Transition Diagram for Small-step voltage increase (AVS ≤ vSmallStep), current decreased png 4.5.1.2. Small-step voltage increases (AVS)
4.19 Transition Diagram for voltage unchanged or decreased with current unchanged or increased png 4.5.1.3. Unchanged or decreased voltage transitions (current unchanged, increased, or decreased)
4.20 Transition Diagram for voltage unchanged or decreased with current decreased png 4.5.1.3. Unchanged or decreased voltage transitions (current unchanged, increased, or decreased)
4.21 Transition Diagram for PPS voltage increase (CV Mode) png 4.5.2.1. PPS voltage transitions (CV Mode)
4.22 Transition Diagram for PPS voltage decrease (CV Mode) png 4.5.2.1. PPS voltage transitions (CV Mode)
4.23 Transition Diagram for PPS current increase (CL Mode) png 4.5.2.2. PPS current transitions (CL Mode)
4.24 Transition Diagram for PPS current decrease (CL Mode) png 4.5.2.2. PPS current transitions (CL Mode)
4.25 Data Reset VCONN Power Cycle png 4.6. VCONN Power Cycle
5.1 Transmit Packet Format png 5.3.1.1. Packet Formation
5.2 Line Format for Hard Reset and Cable png 5.3.1.2. Resets
5.3 Receive Packet Interpretation. png 5.3.2. Reception
5.4 BMC Example png 5.3.3. Electrical Characteristics for Transmission and Reception
5.5 BMC Transmitter Block Diagram png 5.3.4. Encoding and Signaling
5.6 BMC Receiver Block Diagram png 5.3.4. Encoding and Signaling
5.7 BMC Encoded Start of Preamble png 5.3.4. Encoding and Signaling
5.8 Transmitting or Receiving BMC Encoded Frame Terminated by Zero with High-to-Low Last Transition png 5.3.4. Encoding and Signaling
5.9 Transmitting or Receiving BMC Encoded Frame Terminated by One with High-to-Low Last Transition png 5.3.4. Encoding and Signaling
5.10 Transmitting or Receiving BMC Encoded Frame Terminated by Zero with Low-to-High Last Transition png 5.3.4. Encoding and Signaling
5.11 Transmitting or Receiving BMC Encoded Frame Terminated by One with High-to-Low Last Transition png 5.3.4. Encoding and Signaling
5.12 BMC Tx 'ONE' Mask. png 5.3.4.1. Transmit Mask
5.13 BMC Tx 'ZERO' Mask. png 5.3.4.1. Transmit Mask
5.14 BMC Rx 'ONE' Mask when Sourcing Power png 5.3.4.2. Receive Masks
5.15 BMC Rx 'ZERO' Mask when Sourcing Power png 5.3.4.2. Receive Masks
5.16 BMC Rx 'ONE' Mask when Sinking Power png 5.3.4.2. Receive Masks
5.17 BMC Rx 'ZERO' Mask when Sinking Power png 5.3.4.2. Receive Masks
5.18 BMC Rx 'ONE' Mask when Power Neutral png 5.3.4.2. Receive Masks
5.19 BMC Rx 'ZERO' Mask when Power Neutral png 5.3.4.2. Receive Masks
5.20 Transmitter Load Model for BMC Tx from a Source png 5.3.4.3. Transmit Load Model
5.21 Transmitter Load Model for BMC Tx from a Sink png 5.3.4.3. Transmit Load Model
5.22 Example Multi-Drop Configuration showing two DRPs and two Cable Transceivers png 5.3.4.4. Cable Plug Transceivers.
5.23 Example Multi-Drop Configuration showing a DFP and UFP with a VCONN Source png 5.3.4.5. Transceiver with VCONN Source Capability
5.24 Transmitter diagram illustrating zDriver png 5.3.4.7. Source Output Impedance
5.25 Inter-Frame Gap Timings png 5.3.4.9. Inter-Frame Gap
6.1 Construction of Chunked Extended and Chunk Request Messages png 6.1.4. Chunking
6.2 Format of PD Packets for Different Message Types png 6.2. Message Construction
6.3 Figure: EPR_Request Message png 6.4.8. EPR_Request Message
6.4 Figure: Vendor Defined Message png 6.4.12. Vendor Defined Message
6.5 Discover Identity Response Format png 6.4.12.3. Discover Identity
6.6 Discover SVIDs Response Format png 6.4.12.4. Discover SVIDs
6.7 Example Discover Modes response for a given SVID with 3 Modes png 6.4.12.5. Discover Mode
6.8 Source Capabilities Message Format png 6.5.18. EPR_Source_Capabilities Message
6.9 Source Capabilities Message Format (with no EPR PDOs) png 6.5.18. EPR_Source_Capabilities Message
7.1 Sequence diagram of messaging core between protocol layers png 7.6.1. Basic Message Exchange
7.2 Basic Message flow indicating possible errors png 7.6.2. Possible Points of Failure for Message Delivery
7.3 Illustration of process to enter EPR Mode. png 7.30.1. Process to Enter EPR Mode AMS
8.1 Successful Enter Mode sequence png 8.6.4. Enter Mode Command
8.2 Unsuccessful Enter Mode sequence due to NAK png 8.6.4. Enter Mode Command
8.3 Exit Mode sequence png 8.6.5. Exit Mode Command
8.4 Attention Command Request/response sequence png 8.6.6. Attention
8.5 Enter/Exit Mode Process png 8.7.3. Exiting Alternate Modes
9.1 Outline of States png 9.1.1. Introduction to Protocol Layer State Diagrams
9.2 References to States png 9.1.1. Introduction to Protocol Layer State Diagrams
9.3 Chunking architecture Showing Message and Control Flow png 9.1.2.1.1. Architecture of Device Including Chunking Layer
9.4 Chunked Rx State Diagram png 9.1.2.1.2. Chunked Rx State Diagram
9.5 Chunked Tx State Diagram png 9.1.2.1.3. Chunked Tx State Diagram
9.6 Chunked Message Router State Diagram png 9.1.2.1.4. Chunked Message Router State Diagram
9.7 Common Protocol Layer Message Transmission State Diagram png 9.1.2.2.1. Common Protocol Layer Message Transmission State Diagram
9.8 Source Protocol Layer Message Transmission State Diagram png 9.1.2.2.2. Source Protocol Layer Message Transmission State Diagram
9.9 Sink Protocol Layer Message Transmission State Diagram png 9.1.2.2.3. Sink Protocol Layer Message Transmission State Diagram
9.10 Protocol Layer Message reception png 9.1.2.3. Protocol Layer Message Reception
9.11 Hard/Cable Reset png 9.1.2.4. Hard Reset operation
9.12 Outline of States png 9.2.1. Introduction to State diagrams
9.13 References to states png 9.2.1. Introduction to State diagrams
9.14 Example of State reference with conditions png 9.2.1. Introduction to State diagrams
9.15 Example of State reference with the same entry and exit png 9.2.1. Introduction to State diagrams
9.16 SenderResponseTimer Policy Engine State Diagram png 9.2.2. SenderResponseTimer State Diagram
9.17 Source Port State Diagram png 9.2.3. Policy Engine Source Port State Diagram
9.18 Sink Port State Diagram png 9.2.4. Policy Engine Sink Port State Diagram
9.19 SOP Source Port Soft Reset and Protocol Error State Diagram png 9.2.5.1. SOP Source Port Soft Reset and Protocol Error State Diagram
9.20 Sink Port Soft Reset and Protocol Error Diagram png 9.2.5.2. SOP Sink Port Soft Reset and Protocol Error State Diagram
9.21 DFP Data_Reset Message State Diagram png 9.2.6.1. DFP Data_Reset Message State Diagrams
9.22 UFP Data_Reset Message State Diagram png 9.2.6.2. UFP Data_Reset Message State Diagrams
9.23 Source Port Not Supported Message State Diagram png 9.2.7.1. Source Port Not Supported Message State Diagram
9.24 Sink Port Not Supported Message State Diagram png 9.2.7.2. Sink Port Not Supported Message State Diagram
9.25 Source Port Source Alert State Diagram png 9.2.8.1. Source Port Source Alert State Diagram
9.26 Sink Port Source Alert State Diagram png 9.2.8.2. Sink Port Source Alert State Diagram
9.27 Sink Port Sink Alert State Diagram png 9.2.8.3. Sink Port Sink Alert State Diagram
9.28 Source Port Sink Alert State Diagram png 9.2.8.4. Source Port Sink Alert State Diagram
9.29 Sink Port Get Source Capabilities Extended State Diagram png 9.2.9.1. Sink Port Get Source Capabilities Extended State Diagram
9.30 Source Give Source Capabilities Extended State Diagram png 9.2.9.2. Source Give Source Capabilities Extended State Diagram
9.31 Source Port Get Sink Capabilities Extended State Diagram png 9.2.9.3. Source Port Get Sink Capabilities Extended State Diagram
9.32 Sink Give Sink Capabilities Extended State Diagram png 9.2.9.4. Sink Give Sink Capabilities Extended State Diagram
9.33 Sink Port Get Source Information State Diagram png 9.2.10.1. Sink Port Get Source Information State Diagram
9.34 Source Give Source Information State Diagram png 9.2.10.2. Source Give Source Information State Diagram
9.35 Get Status State Diagram png 9.2.11.1. Get Status State Diagram
9.36 Give Status State Diagram png 9.2.11.2. Give Status State Diagram
9.37 Sink Port Get Source PPS Status State Diagram png 9.2.11.3. Sink Port Get Source PPS Status State Diagram
9.38 Source Give Source PPS Status State Diagram png 9.2.11.4. Source Give Source PPS Status State Diagram
9.39 Get Battery Capabilities State Diagram png 9.2.12.1. Get Battery Capabilities State Diagram
9.40 Give Battery Capabilities State Diagram png 9.2.12.2. Give Battery Capabilities State Diagram
9.41 Get Battery Status State Diagram png 9.2.13.1. Get Battery Status State Diagram
9.42 Give Battery Status State Diagram png 9.2.13.2. Give Battery Status State Diagram
9.43 Get Manufacturer Information State Diagram png 9.2.14.1. Get Manufacturer Information State Diagram
9.44 Give Manufacturer Information State Diagram png 9.2.14.2. Give Manufacturer Information State Diagram
9.45 Get Country Codes State Diagram png 9.2.15.1. Get Country Codes State Diagram
9.46 Give Country Codes State Diagram png 9.2.15.2. Give Country Codes State Diagram
9.47 Get Country Information State Diagram png 9.2.15.3. Get Country Information State Diagram
9.48 Give Country Information State Diagram png 9.2.15.4. Give Country Information State Diagram
9.49 Get Revision State Diagram png 9.2.16.1. Get Revision State Diagram
9.50 Give Revision State Diagram png 9.2.16.2. Give Revision State Diagram
9.51 DFP Enter_USB Message State Diagram png 9.2.17.1. DFP Enter_USB Message State Diagrams
9.52 UFP Enter_USB Message State Diagram png 9.2.17.2. UFP or Cable Plug Enter_USB Message State Diagrams
9.53 Send security Request State Diagram png 9.2.18.1. Send Security Request State Diagram
9.54 Send security response State Diagram png 9.2.18.2. Send Security Response State Diagram
9.55 Security response received State Diagram png 9.2.18.3. Security Response Received State Diagram
9.56 Send firmware update Request State Diagram png 9.2.19.1. Send Firmware Update Request State Diagram
9.57 Send firmware update response State Diagram png 9.2.19.2. Send Firmware Update Response State Diagram
9.58 Firmware update response received State Diagram png 9.2.19.3. Firmware Update Response Received State Diagram
9.59 DFP to UFP Data Role Swap State Diagram png 9.2.20.1. DFP to UFP Data Role Swap State Diagram
9.60 UFP to DFP Data Role Swap State Diagram png 9.2.20.2. UFP to DFP Data Role Swap State Diagram
9.61 Dual-Role Port in Source to Sink Power Role Swap State Diagram png 9.2.20.3. Policy Engine in Source to Sink Power Role Swap State Diagram
9.62 Dual-role Port in Sink to Source Power Role Swap State Diagram png 9.2.20.4. Policy Engine in Sink to Source Power Role Swap State Diagram
9.63 Dual-Role Port in Source to Sink Power Role Swap State Diagram png 9.2.20.5. Policy Engine in Source to Sink Fast Role Swap State Diagram
9.64 Dual-role Port in Sink to Source Fast Role Swap State Diagram png 9.2.20.6. Policy Engine in Sink to Source Fast Role Swap State Diagram
9.65 Dual-Role (Source) Get Source Capabilities diagram png 9.2.20.7. Dual-Role (Source Port) Get Source Capabilities State Diagram
9.66 Dual-Role (Source) Give Sink Capabilities diagram png 9.2.20.8. Dual-Role (Source Port) Give Sink Capabilities State Diagram
9.67 Dual-Role (Sink) Get Sink Capabilities State Diagram png 9.2.20.9. Dual-Role (Sink Port) Get Sink Capabilities State Diagram
9.68 Dual-Role (Sink) Give Source Capabilities State Diagram png 9.2.20.10. Dual-Role (Sink Port) Give Source Capabilities State Diagram
9.69 Dual-Role (Source) Get Source Capabilities Extended State Diagram png 9.2.20.11. Dual-Role (Source Port) Get Source Capabilities Extended State Diagram
9.70 Dual-Role (Sink) Give Source Capabilities Extended diagram png 9.2.20.12. Dual-Role (Sink Port) Give Source Capabilities Extended State Diagram
9.71 Dual-Role (Sink) Get Sink Capabilities Extended State Diagram png 9.2.20.13. Dual-Role (Sink Port) Get Sink Capabilities Extended State Diagram
9.72 Dual-Role (Source) Give Sink Capabilities Extended diagram png 9.2.20.14. Dual-Role (Source Port) Give Sink Capabilities Extended State Diagram
9.73 Dual-Role (Source) Get Source Information State Diagram png 9.2.20.15. Dual-Role (Source Port) Get Source Information State Diagram
9.74 Dual-Role (Source) Give Source Information diagram png 9.2.20.16. Dual-Role (Sink Port) Give Source Information State Diagram
9.75 VCONN Swap State Diagram png 9.2.21. VCONN Swap State Diagram
9.76 Initiator to Port VDM Discover Identity State Diagram png 9.2.22.1. Initiator Structured VDM Discover Identity State Diagram
9.77 Initiator VDM Discover SVIDs State Diagram png 9.2.22.2. Initiator Structured VDM Discover SVIDs State Diagram
9.78 Initiator VDM Discover Modes State Diagram png 9.2.22.3. Initiator Structured VDM Discover Modes State Diagram
9.79 Initiator VDM Attention State Diagram png 9.2.22.4. Initiator Structured VDM Attention State Diagram
9.80 Responder Structured VDM Discover Identity State Diagram png 9.2.23.1. Responder Structured VDM Discover Identity State Diagram
9.81 Responder Structured VDM Discover SVIDs State Diagram png 9.2.23.2. Responder Structured VDM Discover SVIDs State Diagram
9.82 Responder Structured VDM Discover Modes State Diagram png 9.2.23.3. Responder Structured VDM Discover Modes State Diagram
9.83 Receiving a Structured VDM Attention State Diagram png 9.2.23.4. Receiving a Structured VDM Attention State Diagram
9.84 DFP VDM Mode Entry State Diagram png 9.2.24.1. DFP Structured VDM Mode Entry State Diagram
9.85 DFP VDM Mode Exit State Diagram png 9.2.24.2. DFP Structured VDM Mode Exit State Diagram
9.86 UFP Structured VDM Enter Mode State Diagram png 9.2.25.1. UFP Structured VDM Enter Mode State Diagram
9.87 UFP Structured VDM Exit Mode State Diagram png 9.2.25.2. UFP Structured VDM Exit Mode State Diagram
9.88 Cable Ready State Diagram png 9.2.26.1. Cable Plug Cable Ready State Diagram
9.89 Cable Plug Soft Reset State Diagram png 9.2.26.2.1. Cable Plug Soft Reset State Diagram
9.90 Cable Plug Hard Reset State Diagram png 9.2.26.2.2. Cable Plug Hard Reset State Diagram
9.91 DFP/VCONN Source Soft Reset or Cable Reset of a Cable Plug or VPD State Diagram png 9.2.26.2.3. DFP/VCONN Source SOP'/SOP" Soft Reset or Cable Reset of a Cable Plug or VPD State Diagram
9.92 UFP/VCONN Source Soft Reset of a Cable Plug or VPD State Diagram png 9.2.26.2.4. UFP/VCONN Source SOP'/SOP'' Soft Reset of a Cable Plug or VPD State Diagram
9.93 Source Startup Structured VDM Discover Identity State Diagram png 9.2.26.2.5. Source Startup Structured VDM Discover Identity of a Cable Plug State Diagram
9.94 Cable Plug Structured VDM Enter Mode State Diagram png 9.2.26.2.6.1. Cable Plug Structured VDM Enter Mode State Diagram
9.95 Cable Plug Structured VDM Exit Mode State Diagram png 9.2.26.2.6.2. Cable Plug Structured VDM Exit Mode State Diagram
9.96 Source EPR Mode Entry State Diagram png 9.2.26.3.1. Source EPR Mode Entry State Diagram
9.97 Sink EPR Mode Entry State Diagram png 9.2.26.3.1. Source EPR Mode Entry State Diagram
9.98 Source EPR Mode Exit State Diagram png 9.2.26.3.1. Source EPR Mode Entry State Diagram
9.99 Sink EPR Mode Exit State Diagram png 9.2.26.3.1. Source EPR Mode Entry State Diagram
9.100 BIST Carrier Mode State Diagram png 9.2.26.3.1. Source EPR Mode Entry State Diagram
9.101 BIST Test Data Mode State Diagram png 9.2.26.3.1. Source EPR Mode Entry State Diagram
9.102 BIST Shared Capacity Test Mode State Diagram png 9.2.26.4.3. BIST Shared Capacity Test Mode State Diagram
10.1 Power Flow Before and After an FRS png 10.1. Introduction
10.2 FRS Signaling and Receiving Activity Diagrams png 10.3. FRS Sequence
10.3 FRS Sequence with VBUS Starting at Voltage > vSafe5V (long discharge) png 10.3. FRS Sequence
10.4 FRS Sequence with VBUS starting at vSafe5V (short or no discharge) png 10.3. FRS Sequence

Known issues in the source specification

These were transcribed verbatim rather than silently corrected — confirmed against the rendered PDF pages, not just the text layer:

  • 3.5. "Sink with Acessory Support" — "Accessory" is misspelled in both the printed Table of Contents and the section heading itself (page 47).
  • Table 3.3 and Table 3.7 body text — both read "the SPR Source Capabilities = advertised based on Port Present PDP from Table 3.2", using = where "as" is clearly intended. The identical wording in both places suggests one blurb was copy-pasted with the error already present.
  • Figure 5.25 / Figure 5.26 mismatch — Section 5.3.4.9 body text says "Figure 5.26, 'Inter-Frame Gap Timings' illustrates the inter-Frame gap timings", but the actual figure a few lines later is captioned "Figure 5.25. Inter-Frame Gap Timings". There is no Figure 5.26 anywhere in the chapter.
  • Table 4.6 dangling footnote marker — the cSrcBulkShared row (page 79) carries a footnote marker [^1] in the PDF, but no corresponding footnote text appears anywhere else on that page or through the end of the chapter (page 84). The marker is preserved in the transcription; there is no footnote text to add.
  • Page 285, "Shallnotify" — Section 9.2.3.6 (PE_SRC_Ready State) prints "the Source Shallnotify the Protocol Layer of the end of the Atomic Message Sequence" — the space between "Shall" and "notify" is missing in the PDF itself. Preserved verbatim.
  • Appendix B duplicate/inconsistent contributor entries — the same organization appears twice under slightly different names, as separate headings with different contributor lists under each: "Bizlink Technology Inc." and "Bizlink Technology, Inc."; "LG Electronics Ltd." and "LG electronics"; "ROHM Co., Ltd." and "Rohm Co. Ltd.".

Tool notes

  • This specification prints each figure's Figure N.M. Caption line above the figure rather than below it (the opposite of the Renesas datasheet template tools/extract-figures.py was originally written for). The tool was extended with a --caption-position {above,below} flag and decimal figure numbers (4.1, not zero-padded integers) to support this document; above was used throughout. It also now requires the caption line to be bold, to avoid matching plain-prose sentences like "Figure 4.2 illustrates the application of..." as a caption.
  • Figure 7.3 ("Illustration of process to enter EPR Mode") has an explanatory sentence sandwiched between its caption and the actual diagram, which defeated the automatic body-text lower-bound detection (the sentence itself was mistaken for the end of the figure, leaving an empty band). It was cropped with an explicit --region '26:54,104,558,690:figure-7.3.png' against 07-pd-communications-protocol-message-usage.pdf.